Dai ni na aten na hpaga lam lawan ai hku rawt jat wa ai hte maren, n-gun ja ai- a n-gun ja ai makau grup yin ni hta arung arai ni hpe galaw ra ai lam ni gaw grau grau nna n-gun ja wa nga ai. N-gun ja ai shara ni hta n-gun, katsi ai hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam, katsi ai hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam, n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam, n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam, n-gun n-gun, tsi hpaga lam, nbung laru, etc. ni hta madung arung arai langai mi tai wa sai.
N-gun n-gun- hpe n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai n-gang a madung akyu gaw, shi a kaja dik htum tsaw ai- a n-gun hte oxidation hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hta dan dawng nga ai. Dai majaw, n-gun ja ai n-gang gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai, n-gun n-rawng ai hte hkrat sum chye ai, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai jak a n-gup n-gu ni hpe 800℃kaw nna 1200℃du hkra n-gun n-rawng ai jak rung atsam ni hpe chromium, nickel hte molybdenum zawn re ai alloying elements ni hpe jat bang nna, n-gun n-rawng ai jak rung atsam ni hpe 800℃kaw nna 1200℃du hkra jat bang ya lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, grai sawng ai masa hta, n-gun ja ai ni, turbine, hte nbung laru galai ai jak ni zawn re ai, n-gun kaba ai- aten kadun laman lang ai arung arai ni hta grai lang ai n-gun hpe shabyin ya ai.
Dai hta n-ga, katsi ai- hpe ninghkap lu ai n-gun gaw shi a ahkyak ai akyu langai mi mung rai nga ai. Creep ngu ai gaw, arung arai ni gaw galu kaba ai- aten hta loi loi hte n-gun yawm mat ai lam hpe tsun mayu ai, dai gaw arung arai ni hpe hkrat sum shangun chye ai. Heat- hpe ninghkap lu ai n-gang gaw, alloy composition hte heat hpe tsi lajang ai ladat hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai hku nna, shi a creep hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe grai kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai, dai hku nna, arung arai ni a magam bungli prat hpe jat ya lu nna, gram lajang ai manu hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, n-gun hte wan sau zawn re ai hpaga lam ni hta, n-gun kaba ai wa a{7}} a tsaw ai{7}} myit htum ai arung arai ni hta grau ahkyak nga ai.
N-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai oxidation hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe mung n-hkap la ging ai. Hkrak ai- n-gun rawng ai oxidizing makau grup yin hta, oxide layer hpe n-gang hte peels ni a ntsa kaw loi loi hte byin shangun ai majaw, arung arai ni hpe sum mat ai. Heat- hpe ninghkap lu ai n-gang gaw, n-gun ja ai chromium oxide makawp maga ai sumla hpe hpaw ya ai hku nna, grau nna n-gun n rawng ai hpe pat shingdang ya ai, dai hku nna, dai arung arai a n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hte daw jau ai prat hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, wan hkru ai shara ni hte wan wut ai wan wut ai shara ni zawn re ai, tsaw ai oxidizing makau grup yin ni hta kaja hkra galaw lu shangun ai.
Industrial hpaji masa matut manoi rawt jat wa ai hte rau, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun{- hpe bai gram lajang ai n-gang ni hpe grau nna jat wa na re. Htawm hpang de, arung arai nnan ni hpe gyin shalat ai hte galaw shapraw ai lam ni hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai hte, katsi ai- hpe ninghkap lu ai n-gang gaw, grau nna ra sharawng ai tsaw ai- n-gun n-gun ni hpe grau ra sharawng ai, mungkan hpaga lam hpe hkrak hkrak hte ngang grin hkra galaw lu na matu ngang kang ai madi shadaw lam hpe jaw ya lu na re.
